An organ trio, in a jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20th century American popular music. Its West African pedigree context, is a group of three jazz musicians, typically consisting of a Hammond organ The Hammond organ is an electric organ invented by Laurens Hammond in 1934 and manufactured by the Hammond Organ Company. While the Hammond organ was originally sold to churches as a lower-cost alternative to the wind-driven pipe organ in the 1960s and 1970s, it became a standard keyboard instrument for jazz, blues, rock music, church and gospel player, a drummer A drummer is a person who plays drums, particularly a drum kit , marching percussion or hand drums. The term percussionist applies to a musician performing on any percussion instrument, but usually refers to one who plays classical or Latin percussion. Most bands for Rock, Pop, Jazz, R&B etc. include a drummer in their lineup, who conveys the, and either a jazz guitarist or a saxophone The saxophone is a conical-bored transposing musical instrument that is a member of the woodwind family. Saxophones are usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet. The saxophone was invented by the Belgian Adolphe Sax in 1841. He wanted to create an instrument that would both be the most powerful player. In some cases the saxophonist The saxophone is a conical-bored transposing musical instrument which is a member of the woodwind family. Saxophones are usually made of brass and are played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet. The saxophone was invented by Adolphe Sax in 1841. He wanted to create an instrument that would both be the most powerful and will join a trio which consists of an organist, guitarist, and drummer, making it a quartet In music, a quartet is a method of instrumentation (or a medium), used to perform a musical composition, and consisting of four parts.^[1] Organ trios were a popular type of jazz ensemble for club and bar settings in the 1950s and 1960s, performing a blues Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre created primarily within the African-American communities in the Deep South of the United States at the end of the 19th century from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. The blues form ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues, and-based style of jazz that incorporated elements of R&B Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated to R&B, is a genre of popular African American music that originated in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans, at a time when "urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a heavy, insistent beat" was becoming. ^[2]The organ trio format was characterized by long improvised solos and an exploration of different musical "moods". ^[3]

In organ trios, the Hammond organist plays several roles, including playing the basslines (either on the bass pedalboard A pedalboard is a keyboard played with the feet that is usually used to produce the low-pitched bass line of a piece of music. A pedalboard has long, narrow lever-style keys laid out in the same semitone scalar pattern as a manual keyboard, with longer keys for C, D, E, F, G, A and B, and shorter, higher keys for C#, D#, F#, G# and A#. Training in or on the lower manual A manual is a keyboard designed to be played with the hands on a pipe organ, harpsichord, clavichord, electronic organ, or synthesizer. The term "manual" is used with regard to any hand keyboard on these instruments to distinguish it from the pedalboard, which is a keyboard that the organist plays with his or her feet. It is proper to of the organ), playing chords ("comping"), and playing lead melodic lines and solos. In organ trios with a guitarist, the guitarist usually 'fills in' the musical parts that the organist is not performing. For example, if the organist is soloing and playing a bassline, the guitarist may play chords.

Organ trios of the 1950s and 1960s often played soul jazz Soul jazz was a development of hard bop which incorporated strong influences from blues, gospel and rhythm and blues in music for small groups, often the organ trio which featured the Hammond organ. Important soul jazz organists included Bill Doggett, Charles Earland, Richard "Groove" Holmes, Les McCann, "Brother" Jack McDuff,, a groove-infused style that incorporated blues Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre created primarily within the African-American communities in the Deep South of the United States at the end of the 19th century from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. The blues form ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues, and, gospel Gospel music is music that is written to express either personal, spiritual or a communal belief regarding Christian life, as well as to give a Christian alternative to mainstream secular music and rhythm and blues Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated to R&B, is a genre of popular African American music that originated in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans, at a time when "urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a heavy, insistent beat" was becoming. 1970s-era organ trios such as Tony Williams Anthony Tillmon "Tony" Williams was an American jazz drummer' band Lifetime played jazz-rock Fusion or, more specifically, jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a musical genre that developed in the late 1960s from a mixture of elements of jazz such as its focus on improvisation with the rhythms and grooves of funk and R&B and the beats and heavily amplified electric instruments and electronic effects of rock. While the term "jazz rock& fusion. In the 1990s and 2000s, organ trios such as Medeski, Martin and Wood (MMW) also mixed in elements of Phish Phish is an American rock band noted for its musical improvisation, extended jams, exploration of music across genres and devoted fan base. Formed at the University of Vermont in 1983, the band's four members performed together for over 20 years until an official breakup in August 2004. The band reunited in 2009 for three shows at the Hampton-influenced jam band Jam bands are musical groups whose albums and live performances relate to a fan culture that originated with the 1960s group Grateful Dead and continued in the 1990s with Phish. The performances of these bands often feature extended musical improvisation over rhythmic grooves and chord patterns and long sets of music that cross genre boundaries grooves.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-1950s 1.2 1950s–1960s 1.3 1970s–1980s 1.4 1990s–2000s 1.4.1 "Traditional" groups 1.4.2 Other types 2 Other meanings 2.1 As a musical style or tradition 2.2 Variant forms 3 Other meanings 3.1 Baroque-era works for solo organ 4 References 5 See also 5.1 Hammond organists who perform in trios 5.2 Jazz guitarists who perform in trios 6 External links

History

Pre-1950s

While jazz musicians such as Fats Waller Fats Waller born Thomas Wright Waller was a jazz pianist, organist, composer and comedic entertainer. He was the youngest of four children born to Adaline Locket Waller, wife of the Reverend Edward Martin Waller and Count Basie William "Count" Basie was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. Basie led his jazz orchestra almost continuously for nearly 50 years. Many notable musicians came to prominence under his direction, including tenor saxophonists Lester Young and Herschel Evans, trumpeters Buck Clayton and Harry "Sweets" explored the use of organ in jazz ensembles in the 1920s and 1930s, it was not until the late 1940s that Hammond players such as Wild Bill Davis pioneered the organ trio format. Musicians such as Davis and the Milt Herth Trio realized that the amplified Hammond B3 organ "...put the power of a full-sized big band in the hands of one musician”, with the rotating Leslie speaker The Leslie speaker is a specially constructed amplifier/loudspeaker used to create special audio effects utilizing the Doppler effect. Named after its inventor, Donald Leslie, it is particularly associated with the Hammond organ. The Hammond/Leslie combination is now a ubiquitous element in many genres of music. Currently both the Leslie Speakers-equipped amplified cabinet adding a room-filling, “king-sized sound.” ^{[4] [5]}

1950s–1960s

In the 1950s and 1960s, the organ trio became a common musical ensemble in bars and taverns in the US, especially in downtown areas of major cities. Organ trios used the powerful amplified sound of the Hammond organ, and its ability to fill multiple musical roles (basslines, chords, and lead lines), to fill a bar or club with a volume of sound that would have previously required a much larger ensemble. While bar owners liked this money-saving aspect of the organ trio, the format also had a number of musical advantages. The organ trio was a more intimate, smaller ensemble, which facilitated communication between musicians, and allowed more freedom for spontaneous changes of mood or tempo, and for "stretching out" on extended solos.

According to Tom Vicker, the "...most famous of the early [organ trio] grinders was Philadelphia's Bill Doggett William Ballard Doggett was an American jazz and rhythm and blues pianist and organist, who recorded instrumentals for King Records in the early Fifties." The next organists to come along were Hank Marr Hank Marr was a soul jazz and hard bop Hammond B3 organist born in Columbus, Ohio, probably best known for his many albums recorded under his own name for the Double-time record label, Dave "Baby" Cortez, Jimmy McGriff, and then the "bossest organ swinger yet, Jimmy Smith Jimmy Smith was a jazz musician whose performances on the Hammond B-3 electric organ helped to popularize this instrument. In 2005, Smith was awarded the NEA Jazz Masters Award from the National Endowment for the Arts, the highest honors that the United States bestows upon jazz musicians."^[6] After Smith's death in 2005, Variety magazine writer Phil Gallo eulogized Smith as a man who "[s]ingle-handedly reinvented the Hammond B3 organ for jazz and created the model for the organ trio." ^[7]

During the 1960s, jazz guitarists such as Howard Roberts, Grant Green Grant Green was a jazz guitarist and composer, Kenny Burrell, George Benson George Benson is a multi Grammy Award winning American musician, whose recording career began at the age of twenty-one as a jazz guitarist. He is also known as a pop, R&B, and scat singer. This one-time child prodigy topped the Billboard 200 in 1976 with the triple-platinum album, Breezin'. He was also a major live attraction in the UK during, and Wes Montgomery often performed in organ trios, and organ trio recordings often made the R&B and pop charts. Hammond organ players such as Jimmy Smith Jimmy Smith was a jazz musician whose performances on the Hammond B-3 electric organ helped to popularize this instrument. In 2005, Smith was awarded the NEA Jazz Masters Award from the National Endowment for the Arts, the highest honors that the United States bestows upon jazz musicians and Jack McDuff often performed and recorded in organ trios. The "...body of work by the leaders in the organ trio idiom in its heyday has been well-documented, owing to the fact during that era, based on record sales, the organ groups -- most significantly those led by Jimmy Smith -- represented perhaps the most popular genre of jazz."^[8] Guitarist Grant Green performed a blend of jazz,funk, and boogaloo", collaborating frequently with organists Big John Patton, Jack McDuff, and Earl Neal Creque and with drummer Idris Muhammad Idris Muhammad is a jazz drummer. He was born Leo Morris on November 13, 1939 before changing his name in the 1960s upon his conversion to Islam. He is known for his funky playing style. He has released a number of albums as leader, and has played with a number of jazz legends including Lou Donaldson, Johnny Griffin, Pharoah Sanders and Grover.

In the late 1960s, as jazz musicians began to explore the new genre of jazz-rock fusion Jazz fusion, is a musical fusion genre that developed in the late 1960s from a mixture of elements of jazz such as its focus on improvisation with the rhythms and grooves of Rock and Blues and the beats and heavily amplified electric instruments and electronic effects of rock. While the term "jazz rock" is often used as a synonym for &, organ trios led by organists such as Larry Young "... ventured into more remote territory, expanding the harmonic palette of the organ trio form." ^[9] Young pioneered a new approach to playing the Hammond B3. In contrast to Jimmy Smith's blues-influenced soul-jazz style, in which songs were structured over chord progressions, Young favored a modal Modal jazz is jazz that uses musical modes rather than chord progressions as a harmonic framework approach to playing, in which songs were based on musical modes rather than chord progressions.

1970s–1980s

Keith Emerson of Emerson Lake & Palmer, Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto 1978

In the 1970s, the 1960s-style organ trios based around a Hammond organ were eclipsed by the new trend of jazz-rock fusion Jazz fusion, is a musical fusion genre that developed in the late 1960s from a mixture of elements of jazz such as its focus on improvisation with the rhythms and grooves of Rock and Blues and the beats and heavily amplified electric instruments and electronic effects of rock. While the term "jazz rock" is often used as a synonym for &, and small ensembles increasingly used electronic keyboards such as Moog synthesizer Moog synthesizer may refer to any number of analog synthesizers designed by Dr. Robert Moog or manufactured by Moog Music, and is commonly used as a generic term for analog and digital music synthesizers. The Moog company pioneered the commercial manufacture of modular voltage-controlled analog synthesizer systems in the early 1950s. The and Juno synthesizers in place of the Hammond organ. Synthesizers allowed musicians to make new electronic sounds that were not possible on the electromechanical Hammond organs. Emerson, Lake & Palmer Emerson, Lake & Palmer were an English progressive rock supergroup. In the 1970s, the band was extremely popular, selling over 35 million albums and headlining huge concerts. The band consisted of Keith Emerson (keyboards), Greg Lake (guitar, bass guitar, vocals) and Carl Palmer (drums, percussion) was one organ trio that successfully branched between the changing times between their debut performances in 1970 towards the end of the decade, with Keith Emerson Keith Emerson is a British keyboard player and composer. Formerly a member of the Keith Emerson Trio, John Brown's Bodies, The T-Bones, V.I.P.s, P.P. Arnold's backing band, and The Nice (which evolved from P.P. Arnold's band), he started Emerson, Lake & Palmer (ELP), one of the early supergroups, in 1970. Following the breakup of ELP, circa 197 on the Hammond B3 organ, Greg Lake on either the guitar or bass guitar, and Carl Palmer Carl Palmer is an English drummer and percussionist. He is credited as one of the most respected rock drummers to emerge from the 1960s. In addition, Palmer is a veteran of a number of famous English bands, including the Crazy World of Arthur Brown, Atomic Rooster, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, and Asia. He has also contributed to works by Mike on drums; Emerson was one of the earliest in moving into synthetic sound. Veteran Hammond players such as Emerson and Charles Earland began using synthesizers to "update" their sound to the pop-disco Disco is a genre of dance music whose popularity peaked during the middle to late 1970s. It had its roots in clubs that catered to African American, gay, psychedelic and other communities in New York City and Philadelphia during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Disco was a reaction by New York City's gays as well as black and Latino heterosexuals styles of the late 1970s.

There were a small number of well-known organ trios during the 1970s. John Abercrombie had a futuristic-sounding organ trio with Jan Hammer on Hammond and Moog bass, and Jack Dejohnette on drums. Tony Williams Anthony Tillmon "Tony" Williams was an American jazz drummer' fusion band Lifetime, which lasted from 1969 to 1975, was an organ trio with John McLaughlin John McLaughlin , also known as Mahavishnu John McLaughlin, is an English jazz fusion guitarist and composer. He played with Tony Williams's group Lifetime and then with Miles Davis on his landmark electric jazz-fusion albums In A Silent Way and Bitches Brew. His 1970s electric band, The Mahavishnu Orchestra, performed a technically virtuosic and on guitar and Larry Young on organ. Lifetime was a pioneering band of the fusion movement, combining rock, R&B, and jazz.

1990s–2000s

"Traditional" groups

Jazz organist Joey Defrancesco, pictured here in 2002, has recorded albums that recapture the "old school" organ trio sound of the 1960s.

In the 1990s and 2000s, there has been a revival of organ trios. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, before his death in 2005, Jimmy Smith had a comeback, recording albums and playing in clubs. Some groups, such as the organ trio led by the Jimmy Smith-mentored Hammond player Joey DeFrancesco, aimed to recapture the traditional sounds and blues-influenced jazz feel of the 1960s organ trios of Jimmy Smith and Jack McDuff. Another example can be found in the Deep Blue Organ Trio, a Chicago group which has recorded two albums for Delmark Records. Also the Danish organ trio, Ibrahim Electric, is still exploring different kind of developments from jazz, such as afro-beat, and Boogaloo with a strong blues traditional influence, but with the main focus on the Hammond B-3 played by Jeppe Tuxen. In 2007 Steve Howe created the Steve Howe Trio, inspired mainly by Kenny Burrell.

Other types

Organ trios such as Medeski, Martin and Wood (MMW) , Soulive Soulive is a funk/jazz trio that originated in Buffalo, New York, and is known for its solos and catchy, upbeat songs. The band consists of Eric Krasno , Alan Evans (drums), Neal Evans (Hammond B3 organ, bass keys, clavinet). Although they originated as a trio, the band worked extensively with different horn sections, which consisted of Sam and Big Organ Trio mix jazz with a range of different styles such as 1970s soul jazz Soul jazz was a development of hard bop which incorporated strong influences from blues, gospel and rhythm and blues in music for small groups, often the organ trio which featured the Hammond organ. Important soul jazz organists included Bill Doggett, Charles Earland, Richard "Groove" Holmes, Les McCann, "Brother" Jack McDuff, and Phish Phish is an American rock band noted for its musical improvisation, extended jams, exploration of music across genres and devoted fan base. Formed at the University of Vermont in 1983, the band's four members performed together for over 20 years until an official breakup in August 2004. The band reunited in 2009 for three shows at the Hampton-influenced jam band Jam bands are musical groups whose albums and live performances relate to a fan culture that originated with the 1960s group Grateful Dead and continued in the 1990s with Phish. The performances of these bands often feature extended musical improvisation over rhythmic grooves and chord patterns and long sets of music that cross genre boundaries grooves. MMW use a variation of the organ trio format, since the band includes Hammond organ, upright bass and drums. The New York organ trio Darediablo Darediablo is an instrumental rock trio from New York City. They draw influences from such 1970s heavy metal bands as Black Sabbath and AC/DC, their bassist/guitarist often wearing an AC/DC T-Shirt. Their catalog of music have all been independent releases on Orchard starting in 2000, with their latest being released on Southern Records main label blends funk, progressive rock, fusion, and hard rock into a heavy, riff-laden sound. More rarely, some blues Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre created primarily within the African-American communities in the Deep South of the United States at the end of the 19th century from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. The blues form ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues, and bands use the organ trio format, such as the UK band led by guitarist Matt Schofield (the Matt Schofield Trio's organist is Jonny Henderson).

The Medeski, Martin and Wood organ trio demonstrates that an organ trio can come in different varieties; in place of a sax or electric guitarist, this band has an upright bass The double bass, also called the string bass, upright bass, bass violin or contrabass, is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra. The name "double bass" derives from the early use of the instrument to double—an octave lower where possible—the bass part written for the cello. The double player as the third member.

An unusual example of an organ trio-influenced performer is Charlie Hunter, who uses a customized 8-string guitar The guitar is a plucked string instrument, played either with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number but sometimes more, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings to emulate the role and sound of a Hammond Organ The Hammond organ is an electric organ invented by Laurens Hammond in 1934 and manufactured by the Hammond Organ Company. While the Hammond organ was originally sold to churches as a lower-cost alternative to the wind-driven pipe organ in the 1960s and 1970s, it became a standard keyboard instrument for jazz, blues, rock music, church and gospel. He performs bass lines on his guitar's three electric bass The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb (either by plucking, slapping, popping, tapping, or thumping), or by using a plectrum-range strings, while playing chords and melody lines on the higher strings. In the mid-2000s, saxophonist/bass-clarinettist/flutist James Carter has performed and recorded modern and more traditional jazz, with his James Carter Organ Trio, with Gerard Gibbs on Hammond B-3 and Leonard King on drums. These recordings include 'Out of nowhere' and 'Live at Baker's Keyboard Lounge', both of 2004, and Leonard King's 'Extending the language' of 2005.

Other meanings

As a musical style or tradition

While the term "organ trio" is typically a reference to a type of small ensemble, the term "organ trio" is also used to refer to the musical styles, genres, and tradition of the 1950s/1960s era of organ trio playing. Although the components of the "organ trio tradition" are a subject of debate, the 1950s/1960s organ trio style tends to have more blues influences than other small-group jazz from this era, and it often blurs the lines between blues, R&B, and jazz. As well, organ trios tend to be focused on, or built around the sound of the organ.

The organ trio style has also been associated with soul jazz Soul jazz was a development of hard bop which incorporated strong influences from blues, gospel and rhythm and blues in music for small groups, often the organ trio which featured the Hammond organ. Important soul jazz organists included Bill Doggett, Charles Earland, Richard "Groove" Holmes, Les McCann, "Brother" Jack McDuff,, a development of hard bop Hard bop is a style of jazz that is an extension of bebop music. Hard bop incorporates influences from rhythm and blues, gospel music, and blues, especially in the saxophone and piano playing which incorporated strong influences from blues, gospel and rhythm and blues. However, unlike hard bop, soul jazz generally emphasized repetitive grooves and melodic hooks, and its improvisations were often less complex than in other jazz styles.

Music critics discussing 1990s and 2000s-era organ trios often refer to how a modern-day group is positioned vis-à-vis the "organ trio tradition" of the 1950s and 1960s. For example, John Koenig's review of guitarist Rick Zunigar's organ trio recordings notes that Zunigar's "...conception of the organ trio gives us a present-day look at the genre, filtered through all of the tradition of the past, but also infused with other influences and trends that have their roots in the major jazz movements of the last 30 years." ^[10]

Variant forms

More rarely, an organ trio might consist of a Hammond organist and two jazz guitarists, or a Hammond organist, a double bassist, and a drummer. For example, organist Shirley Scott had an organ trio that included a bass player and a drummer. In some cases, a fourth musician will be added to a traditional organ trio, such as a saxophone player or vocalist. In this case, the group may be billed as "saxophone player and organ trio" or "singer and organ trio." For example, reviewer Dan McClenaghan, from All About Jazz, said that "...a fine organ trio [was] backing a talented saxophonist" in one of tenor saxophonist David Sills' recordings.^[11] Describing these four-musician ensembles as a "trio plus one", instead of as a quartet, may appear to be a misnomer.

However, this approach can be justified because there are different musical styles and traditions associated with different types of jazz ensembles. As such, if a concert is billed as a jazz quartet (e.g. a saxophone and a rhythm section), the audience has expectations about the repertoire and musical styles than if a concert is billed as an organ trio with a saxophone. There are specific musical styles, genres, and traditions that are associated with the 1950s/1960s era of organ trio playing (see section above entitled Organ trio as a musical style or tradition for more details).

Other meanings

Baroque-era works for solo organ

J.S. Bach and other Baroque composers from the 1600s and early 1700s wrote many organ works called trio sonatas, often based on chorale prelude melodies. These organ trio sonata compositions are sometimes referred to as "organ trios." Bach’s organ trio sonatas are written for a single instrument—the baroque pipe organ. They are nonetheless called trio sonatas because they are written in three independent melodic lines, or "voices". To help the audience hear the three different melodic lines, Bach indicated that the trio sonatas should be performed on two separate manuals (organ keyboards), with the bass pedalboard supplying the third, lower part. To further help the audience to hear the different upper melodic lines, organists typically use different registrations for each manual by selecting different organ stops. ^[12] For example, an organist might give the upper melodic line a high-sounding oboe-type stop, and the lower melodic line a mellow "tibia" stop.

References

1. ^ John F. Szwed. Jazz 101:A Complete Guide to Learning and Loving Jazz. Hyperion. 2000. pages = pp. 198-199. ISBN 0786884967
2. ^ John Koenig. Available at: http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:R1Od3--mrFAJ:www.alvas.com/Zunigar/website/rick_zunigar.htm+%22organ+trio%22&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=233&lr=lang_en|lang_fr
3. ^ John Koenig. Available at: http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:R1Od3--mrFAJ:www.alvas.com/Zunigar/website/rick_zunigar.htm+%22organ+trio%22&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=233&lr=lang_en|lang_fr
4. ^ Tom Vickers. Organ Grinder Swing. Available at: http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:D7tSoqTpASYJ:www.catalog-of-cool.com/organ.html+%22organ+trio%22&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=761&lr=lang_en|lang_fr
5. ^ Tom Vickers. Organ Grinder Swing. Available at: http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:D7tSoqTpASYJ:www.catalog-of-cool.com/organ.html+%22organ+trio%22&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=761&lr=lang_en|lang_fr
6. ^ Tom Vickers. Organ Grinder Swing. Available at: http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:D7tSoqTpASYJ:www.catalog-of-cool.com/organ.html+%22organ+trio%22&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=761&lr=lang_en|lang_fr
7. ^ Available at: http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:sxXgZ4iw2YkJ:www.uncp.edu/home/acurtis/Courses/BraveNewsWorld/MUSIC/BNWSmith.html+%22organ+trio%22&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=644&lr=lang_en|lang_fr
8. ^ John Koenig. Available at: http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:R1Od3--mrFAJ:www.alvas.com/Zunigar/website/rick_zunigar.htm+%22organ+trio%22&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=233&lr=lang_en|lang_fr
9. ^ John Koenig. Available at: http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:R1Od3--mrFAJ:www.alvas.com/Zunigar/website/rick_zunigar.htm+%22organ+trio%22&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=233&lr=lang_en|lang_fr
10. ^ Available at: http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:R1Od3--mrFAJ:www.alvas.com/Zunigar/website/rick_zunigar.htm+%22organ+trio%22&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=233&lr=lang_en|lang_fr
11. ^ Dan McClenaghan. David Sills, Eastern View. http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:BnmbTT-PQPcJ:www.origin-records.com/reviews/review.php%3FReviewID%3D222+%22organ+trio%22&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=262&lr=lang_en|lang_fr Accessed 30 May 2008.
12. ^ Ruth Elaine Dykstra. Possible Orchestral Tendencies in Registering Johann Sebastian Bach’s Organ Music: An Historical Perspective. dspace.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/1293/1/dykstrare516726.pdf Accessed 30 May 2008.

13. http://www.aiartists.com/jcarter/index.html

See also

• Jazz
• Hammond organ
• Clonewheel organ

Hammond organists who perform in trios

• Milt Buckner
• Joey DeFrancesco
• Bill Doggett
• Charles Earland
• Larry Goldings
• Milt Herth
• Booker T. Jones
• Richard "Groove" Holmes
• Les McCann
• "Brother" Jack McDuff
• Jimmy McGriff
• John Medeski
• "Big" John Patton
• Melvin Rhyne (with the Wes Montgomery trio)
• Shirley Scott
• Lonnie Smith
• Johnny "Hammond" Smith.
• Jimmy Smith
• Akiko Tsuruga
• Baby Face Willette
• Reuben Wilson
• Larry Young

Jazz guitarists who perform in trios

• Howard Roberts
• Grant Green
• Kenny Burrell
• George Benson
• Pat Martino
• Wes Montgomery
• Bobby Broom

External links

• Geoff Alexander's history of the Jazz Organ

Categories: Jazz ensembles | Jam bands

 

 

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